{"id":60382,"date":"2025-12-03T14:13:10","date_gmt":"2025-12-03T13:13:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mariuszbrandt.pl\/the-ai-chip-market-situation-is-currently-a-silicon-version-of-game-of-thrones-nvidia-sits-on-the-iron-throne-but-more-and-more-houses-want-to-dethrone-it-meaning-technology-influence-global-pol\/"},"modified":"2025-12-03T14:13:10","modified_gmt":"2025-12-03T13:13:10","slug":"the-ai-chip-market-situation-is-currently-a-silicon-version-of-game-of-thrones-nvidia-sits-on-the-iron-throne-but-more-and-more-houses-want-to-dethrone-it-meaning-technology-influence-global-pol","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mariuszbrandt.pl\/en\/the-ai-chip-market-situation-is-currently-a-silicon-version-of-game-of-thrones-nvidia-sits-on-the-iron-throne-but-more-and-more-houses-want-to-dethrone-it-meaning-technology-influence-global-pol\/","title":{"rendered":"The AI Chip Market Situation Is Currently a Silicon Version of Game of Thrones. Nvidia Sits on the Iron Throne, but More and More Houses Want to Dethrone It. Meaning: Technology, Influence, Global Politics, and Poland&#8217;s Place in the World&#8217;s Technological Development!"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>TL;DR:<\/strong> This article discusses the key aspects of the AI chip market situation, which is currently a silicon version of Game of Thrones. Nvidia sits on the iron throne, but more and more houses want to dethrone it. Meaning: technology, influence, global politics, and Poland&#8217;s place in the world&#8217;s technological development!, emphasizing the importance of authenticity and modern strategies in building market advantage.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Be sure to read to the end! I promise it&#8217;s worth it! \ud83d\ude0e<\/p>\n<p>I got into a discussion with Gemini on a topic that is not very popular in the media, yet the true heroes of the world&#8217;s technological development are among us.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Does NVIDIA even have competition?<\/strong> Yes, and it is getting fiercer, but for now, the &#8220;greens&#8221; (Nvidia&#8217;s corporate color) are winning not just by raw computing power, but by something called a &#8220;moat&#8221; in the industry.<\/p>\n<p>Here is the schedule so you know who is who in this sandbox:<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Why is Nvidia &#8220;rushing&#8221; so much in the first place?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Before we get to the competition, you need to understand why H100 systems (so-called Hopper) or the latest Blackwell (B200) are in such high demand.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>It&#8217;s not just about the chip:<\/strong> It&#8217;s not like Nvidia simply has a faster processor. They sell the whole system. Their chips talk to each other incredibly fast thanks to <strong>NVLink<\/strong> technology. When you connect 10,000 cards, they act like one giant brain. The competition often chokes at such scale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>CUDA (The Holy Grail):<\/strong> This is Nvidia&#8217;s software. AI developers have been writing code for this standard for over a decade. Switching to another company is like moving from Windows to Linux without a graphical interface \u2013 it can be done, but you need a good head on your shoulders and a lot of time. This keeps customers tied to Nvidia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Who wants to kill the king? (The Competition)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>We can divide Nvidia&#8217;s enemies into three camps:<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A. The Eternal Rival: AMD (The Reds)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>This is the only company making graphics processors (GPUs) that can compete in &#8220;muscle&#8221; with Nvidia.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Their weapon:<\/strong> The <strong>Instinct MI300X<\/strong> system.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Is it good?<\/strong> Hardware-wise? It is a monster. It has more memory and wider data transfer bandwidth than Nvidia&#8217;s flagship (H100). In theory, it is more powerful.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The problem:<\/strong> Software. Their CUDA counterpart (called ROCm) is still less polished and more &#8220;annoying&#8221; to use. But companies buy AMD because Nvidia is incredibly expensive and perpetually out of stock.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>B. &#8220;False Friends&#8221;: Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Meta<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>This is the most interesting group. These are Nvidia&#8217;s biggest customers who spend billions with them, but quietly&#8230; <strong>are building their own chips<\/strong>. They are tired of paying the &#8220;Nvidia tax&#8221; (Nvidia&#8217;s margins are astronomical).<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Google:<\/strong> Has its <strong>TPU<\/strong> (Tensor Processing Unit). They use them to train their models (like Gemini). You can&#8217;t buy them in a store; they are only available in the Google Cloud.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Amazon (AWS):<\/strong> Has <strong>Trainium<\/strong> and <strong>Inferentia<\/strong> chips. They are cheaper to rent than those from Nvidia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Microsoft:<\/strong> Created the <strong>Maia<\/strong> chip.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Why is this dangerous?<\/strong> Because these giants might say at some point: &#8220;Thanks Nvidia, but for 50% of our tasks, we&#8217;ll use our own blocks because it turns out 10x cheaper.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>C. Snipers (Startups): Groq, Cerebras<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>They don&#8217;t fight on general power, but attack specific weaknesses.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Groq:<\/strong> Their chips (LPUs) are not used for training AI, but for its <em>operation<\/em> (inference). They are absurdly fast. When you talk to a chatbot on their chip, the answer appears instantly, without that annoying &#8220;character-by-character typing.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cerebras:<\/strong> Instead of cutting small processors from a silicon wafer, they make <strong>one giant processor the size of a dinner plate<\/strong>. This avoids delays in data transmission between small chips.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Which way is this going?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The war is now moving to two new fronts:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Inference, not Training:<\/strong> Until now, what mattered was model training (brain building) \u2013 here Nvidia rules absolutely. Now we are entering the phase of using models (inference). Here, such powerful machines are not as necessary; what matters is price and energy efficiency. Here, Nvidia is more vulnerable to competitor attacks.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The fight for links (Interconnects):<\/strong> Giants (AMD, Intel, Google, Microsoft) have formed the <strong>UALink<\/strong> alliance. They want to create a chip connection standard that is not owned by Nvidia. They want you to be able to connect different processors from different companies, rather than being forced to buy everything from the &#8220;Greens.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Summary \u2013 Who Wins?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Nvidia still holds about <strong>80-90% of the market<\/strong>. They are like Apple \u2013 you have expensive hardware, but everything works perfectly and the ecosystem is great.<br \/>\nHowever, the biggest threat to Nvidia is not AMD, but the <strong>Big Three of Cloud (Google\/Amazon\/Microsoft)<\/strong>. If they successfully switch to their own chips, Nvidia will lose its best customers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Processing centers in space!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nvidia <strong>is not building its own space station or &#8220;laboratory&#8221;<\/strong> in the sense of a physical building suspended in orbit. This is a media shortcut referring to Nvidia&#8217;s cooperation with startups (such as <strong>Starcloud<\/strong> or <strong>Lumen Orbit<\/strong>) that are actually sending its most powerful chips into space.<\/p>\n<p>Here are the facts without marketing:<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. What is this project? (Facts vs. Myths)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>It is not &#8220;Nvidia&#8217;s Lab,&#8221; but <strong>Nvidia is providing the &#8220;brains&#8221; for orbital server rooms<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Key players:<\/strong> Startup <strong>Starcloud<\/strong> (backed by Nvidia) announced plans to put clusters with <strong>Nvidia H100<\/strong> chips (these are the most expensive and powerful ones) into orbit.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lumen Orbit:<\/strong> Another startup from the <em>Nvidia Inception<\/em> program that raised funds to build space data centers.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Goal:<\/strong> Testing so-called <em>Space-Based Data Centers<\/em>. First tests involve sending smaller satellites to verify if the hardware can survive space radiation at all.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Why are they doing this? (Business logic)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This is not a whim, just math. Data centers on Earth have two massive problems that space solves &#8220;for free&#8221;:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cooling:<\/strong> On Earth, we spend a fortune and waste water cooling servers. In space, it is cold (in the shade) or heat can be easily dissipated through radiation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Energy:<\/strong> In orbit, the sun shines 24\/7 (if you choose the right orbit), without night or clouds. You have free, infinite power from solar panels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. How will this affect the competition?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">If this works out, Nvidia gains a massive advantage in two areas:<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Running ahead:<\/strong> While the competition (AMD, Intel) fights for performance &#8220;per watt&#8221; on Earth, Nvidia positions itself as the sole hardware provider that is <em>Space-Grade<\/em> (certified for operation in space).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Data processing &#8220;at the source&#8221; (Edge Computing):<\/strong> Spy, weather, or communication satellites generate petabytes of data. Currently, they have to send this data to Earth for processing (which takes time and clogs channels). If Nvidia&#8217;s H100s were flying in orbit, the satellite would process photos on the spot and send only finished conclusions to Earth (e.g. &#8220;tanks are standing here&#8221;). This is a revolution for the military and analytics companies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Will there be an offer for retail (for you and me)?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Absolutely not.<\/p>\n<p>You won&#8217;t buy a &#8220;graphics card from space&#8221; for gaming.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>This is a purely <strong>B2B (for businesses) and B2G (for governments\/military)<\/strong> service.<\/li>\n<li>For the average Joe, the impact will be indirect: more accurate weather forecasts (thanks to the Earth-2 project, which is a digital twin of Earth simulated on these systems) or faster satellite internet that manages traffic more intelligently.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Nvidia is not building a Death Star. Nvidia is doing what it always does: selling spoons (chips) during a gold rush, only this time the mine is in orbit. It&#8217;s a risky move, but if space data centers become a reality, Nvidia will be there first, while the competition remains on Earth.<\/p>\n<p>This video material shows the backstage of the Starcloud startup, which, in cooperation with Nvidia, is implementing this wild plan of placing servers in orbit.<\/p>\n<p>Inside The Startup Launching AI Data Centers Into Space<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe title=\"Inside The Startup Launching AI Data Centers Into Space\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hKw6cRKcqzY?feature=oembed&amp;enablejsapi=1\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Musk&#8217;s internet program, i.e., <strong>Starlink<\/strong>, is indeed a fascinating thread in this chip war. And yes, you have an eye for it \u2013 Musk plays on several fronts simultaneously, making him <strong>both a major customer and a threat<\/strong> to Nvidia, who feeds its competition.<\/p>\n<p>Here is the situation with Musk and his &#8220;space internet&#8221; in the context of the fight against Nvidia:<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Starlink is a &#8220;treat&#8221; for&#8230; AMD (The Reds)!<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This is the information you asked about, which often gets missed in the media. Nvidia does not rule orbit in Starlink satellites.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Facts:<\/strong> In the latest Starlink satellites, Musk uses processors from Nvidia&#8217;s main rival \u2013 <strong>AMD<\/strong>. These are <strong>Versal AI Core<\/strong> systems.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Why AMD?<\/strong> These systems are so-called FPGA\/SoCs \u2013 they are flexible. They can be reprogrammed after the satellite is launched into space (e.g. to change the signal encoding method). Nvidia specializes in &#8220;heavy&#8221; AI calculations, while AMD (thanks to its acquisition of Xilinx) is the king of such flexible radio-telecommunication chips.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong> Your hunch is correct. In the Starlink program, Musk <strong>does not feed Nvidia<\/strong>, but instead fuels its biggest competitor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Musk as a &#8220;Frenemy&#8221; (Foe and Friend)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Musk&#8217;s relationship with Nvidia is classic corporate schizophrenia. Look at how he plays his cards:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>For xAI (Grok):<\/strong> Musk is the <strong>ideal customer<\/strong>. He bought 100,000 H100 chips from Nvidia to build the &#8220;Colossus&#8221; supercomputer in Memphis. Here Nvidia makes billions off him.<\/li>\n<li><strong>For Tesla (Autonomous driving):<\/strong> Musk is a <strong>competitor<\/strong>. Tesla built its own superchip <strong>Dojo (D1)<\/strong>. Musk said bluntly: &#8220;We built Dojo because Nvidia couldn&#8217;t give us as many chips as we wanted.&#8221; Ultimately, Tesla wants to train cars on its own silicon, not on Nvidia&#8217;s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>For Starlink:<\/strong> Musk is a <strong>partner of the competition<\/strong> (AMD and Samsung \u2013 rumors say Samsung is to make modems for future Starlink versions connecting directly with cells).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Will the internet program (Starlink) threaten Nvidia?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Directly no, but indirectly \u2013 yes.<\/p>\n<p>Starlink creates a new category: Edge Computing in space.<\/p>\n<p>If Musk&#8217;s vision comes true and satellites are not just &#8220;mirrors&#8221; reflecting internet, but small servers processing data (e.g. satellite photos, drone traffic control), then this giant new hardware market is currently in the hands of AMD, not Nvidia.<\/p>\n<p>**In summary:** Musk is not loyal to any supplier.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Where he must have the strongest AI (Grok) \u2013 he pays Nvidia.<\/li>\n<li>Where flexibility in space matters (Starlink) \u2013 he pays AMD.<\/li>\n<li>Where he can save and make something custom (Tesla) \u2013 he builds his own chips.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For Nvidia, Musk is a &#8220;golden whale&#8221; who is quietly breeding a shark in his backyard.<\/p>\n<p>Of course. China is currently the biggest &#8220;black hole&#8221; for Nvidia \u2013 a market that on one hand wants to buy everything, and on the other is desperately trying to become independent (also out of necessity, due to US sanctions).<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The situation with China is different than with US companies (AMD, Intel), because there the fight is not just about technology, but about politics and survival.<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Here is who is flexing their muscles in China and whether they actually have anything to threaten with:<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Heavyweight: Huawei (Ascend)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This is the player Nvidia fears the most. After the US cut Huawei off from Western technologies, the company put everything on one card and created its own ecosystem.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Their weapon:<\/strong> <strong>Ascend 910B<\/strong> series chips (and now the newer <strong>910C<\/strong> is entering).<\/li>\n<li><strong>What can they do?<\/strong> The Chinese claim that the Ascend 910B is comparable to Nvidia&#8217;s <strong>A100<\/strong> (previous generation of Nvidia&#8217;s flagship). It is still a very powerful system. The new 910C is allegedly chasing the current king (H100), but these are unconfirmed declarations for now.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Who uses it?<\/strong> All the big ones in China (Baidu, Tencent) who cannot legally buy the strongest Nvidia are installing Huawei servers in mass.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. &#8220;Little Nvidia&#8221;: Cambricon<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Less known in the West, but in China it is a stock market star (they call it &#8220;Little Nvidia&#8221;).<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They specialize exclusively in AI chips (NPUs).<\/li>\n<li>Their strength is that from the beginning they built hardware for specific Chinese needs. When Nvidia has to neuter its cards just to be able to sell them in China (due to US bans), Cambricon offers full power without restrictions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Internet Titans: Alibaba and Tencent<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Just like Amazon or Google in the US, Chinese giants do not want to be dependent either.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Alibaba (T-Head):<\/strong> They have their own <strong>Hanguang 800<\/strong> chip. It is used mainly in their cloud to support their own services (e-commerce, search), so you can&#8217;t buy it in a store, but it relieves them from buying Nvidia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Contenders: Biren Technology and Moore Threads<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>These are startups often founded by former Nvidia engineers who returned to China.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Biren:<\/strong> Their BR100 chip looked impressive on paper (faster than A100), but the US quickly blacklisted them, cutting off access to modern factories (TSMC in Taiwan), which severely clipped their wings.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Moore Threads:<\/strong> They try to make graphics cards (GPUs) for gamers as well (e.g. the MTT S80 series), but let&#8217;s be honest \u2013 their drivers are terrible and in games, it is currently a biological curiosity rather than competition for RTXs. In AI they do slightly better.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Does China really threaten Nvidia?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Here the matter is complicated.<\/p>\n<p><strong>YES, because:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The state pours cash:<\/strong> The Chinese government pumps billions of yuan to make these companies survive and develop. They don&#8217;t have to make a profit right away, they just have to &#8220;be.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Internal market:<\/strong> Companies in China are &#8220;encouraged&#8221; to buy domestic hardware. Nvidia is losing the market there not because it is worse, but because politics is pushing it out.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>NO, because:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Production issues (Lithography):<\/strong> This is a wall. Nvidia&#8217;s latest chips are made in 4nm (nanometer) technology. China (via SMIC) officially makes 7nm, and is trying 5nm, but this goes sluggishly and is very expensive (high production waste). Without access to machines from the Dutch company ASML (export ban), China is technologically 2-3 generations behind in execution precision alone.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Software:<\/strong> Again we return to CUDA. Chinese chips have raw power, but lack polished software. Developers have to struggle to port AI models to Chinese hardware.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>In summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>China is building a &#8220;parallel universe.&#8221; Their chips will not flood Europe or the US (nobody will buy them here for security reasons and lack of support), but they can completely displace Nvidia from the Chinese market. And for Nvidia, that is painful, as China is traditionally about 20-25% of their revenues.<\/p>\n<p><strong>APOCALYPSE! COMPANIES DESTROYED!? WHAT THEN?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This is a scenario straight out of a disaster movie, but in the IT industry, it is called the <strong>&#8220;Day Zero Scenario.&#8221;<\/strong> If you physically &#8220;leveled&#8221; the factories and headquarters of the main players (Nvidia, TSMC, AMD, Intel, Samsung), we would technologically revert by about 30 years within a few weeks.<\/p>\n<p>Here is what would happen, step by step, if this ecosystem evaporated:<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. A financial crash bigger than in 1929<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This would be the first, immediate effect.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Over a dozen <strong>trillion<\/strong> (thousands of billions) dollars would vanish from stock exchanges. Pension funds, banks, investors \u2013 everyone loses giant money.<\/li>\n<li>The global economy halts because every modern industry (from banking to agriculture) depends on the availability of electronics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. The &#8220;Golden iPhone&#8221; and black market<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Electronics stores would be cleaned out in an hour.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Prices:<\/strong> Your current phone or laptop would suddenly be worth as much as a car. A used RTX 4090 graphics card? You could buy an apartment for it.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Repairs:<\/strong> No spare parts. If the control computer in a new car breaks \u2013 the car goes to scrap or you convert it to a carburetor (if possible).<\/li>\n<li>Gangs would form, stealing not catalytic converters, but processors from old washing machines and toys.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Collapse of the Cloud and Internet (as we know it)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The internet does not work in a vacuum. Servers at Google, Amazon, or Facebook break down all the time and are replaced continuously.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Without new chip supplies, the cloud would begin to &#8220;shrink.&#8221; Companies would have to turn off services.<\/li>\n<li>First AI would disappear (ChatGPT, Midjourney), then 4K streaming (Netflix, YouTube), and finally problems with online banking and logistics would start.<\/li>\n<li>Floppy disks, CDs, and local data storage would return because the &#8220;cloud&#8221; would become a luxury good reserved only for government and military.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. The end of modern warfare<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This is an aspect that is rarely discussed.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Modern missiles, drones, F-35 fighters \u2013 these are flying computers. Without service and parts, they become useless scrap metal.<\/li>\n<li>Armies would have to return to &#8220;dumb&#8221; ammunition, paper maps, and analog radio. The technological advantage of the US or China would disappear instantly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. The biggest problem: TSMC and ASML<\/strong><\/h3>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\">\n<blockquote><p>Nvidia is only designers (office buildings). If you destroy them, the plans are lost.<\/p>\n<p>But if you destroy <strong>TSMC<\/strong> (factories in Taiwan) and <strong>ASML<\/strong> (Netherlands \u2013 the only company making chip-making machines), we are cooked.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/figure>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Rebuilding a chip factory takes 3-5 years and costs 20 billion dollars.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>But to equip it, you need machines from ASML. If ASML also vanishes, there is no technology on Earth to build these machines from scratch. Humanity would have to &#8220;reinvent&#8221; the chip production process almost from the beginning.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6. Return to the 90s<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The world would not end, but it would regress.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cars? Only simple ones, without ABS, sensors, and screens.<\/li>\n<li>Medicine? Tomographs, MRI, modern surgical equipment \u2013 when they break, it&#8217;s over. We return to X-ray and stethoscopes.<\/li>\n<li>Energy? Modern grids (Smart Grid) collapse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Summary \u2013 Mad Max Silicon Valley version<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Demolishing these companies is a <strong>global paralysis<\/strong>. We live in a world where the refrigerator, car, electricity meter, and dog toy contain silicon.<\/p>\n<p>Paradoxically, in such a scenario, countries and companies that use <strong>legacy technology<\/strong> (so-called <em>legacy chips<\/em>) win. Russia or North Korea, which can repair a tank with a hammer and do not rely on the cloud, would fare better in the first phase of chaos than ultra-modern California or Japan.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>Who should care most about maintaining these companies, and are they by any chance monopolists? Are there no other chip manufacturers? Any chipless alternatives?<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>You hit the nail on the head. What we observe is not a &#8220;free market&#8221; in the sense of trading potatoes. It is a market concreted over by a few players who hold the rest of the world in check.<\/p>\n<p>Here is the brutal truth about monopolies, defenders of the system, and whether we can count on a computer made of moss and ferns instead of silicon.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Are these monopolies? (Short answer: OH YES)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>These are not classic monopolies (that there is only one company in the world), but <strong>technological monopolies<\/strong> in key &#8220;bottlenecks&#8221;. If one element of this puzzle falls, the whole world stands still.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>ASML (Netherlands):<\/strong> <strong>Absolute monopoly (100%).<\/strong> It is the only company on the planet that can build EUV machines (those that print the most modern chips). Nobody else knows how. If ASML stops, humanity&#8217;s technological progress ends overnight.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TSMC (Taiwan):<\/strong> <strong>Almost monopoly (~90% of advanced chips).<\/strong> Nvidia, Apple, AMD \u2013 they only draw the plans. Physically, these chips are produced by TSMC. If China takes Taiwan, the US loses access to 90% of modern electronics.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nvidia:<\/strong> <strong>Dominator (~80-90% of AI chips).<\/strong> Theoretically there are others (AMD, Intel), but in practice, if you want to do serious AI, you are condemned to Nvidia because of their soft (CUDA).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Who cares about their survival? (Who is the &#8220;bodyguard&#8221;?)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The **US Government** cares most. This is national security issue number 1.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>That is why the US pumps billions into <strong>Intel<\/strong> (to have their own factory in case of war over Taiwan).<\/li>\n<li>That is why the US blocks China&#8217;s access to ASML machines.<\/li>\n<li>That is why, paradoxically, Taiwan feels safe \u2013 they call it the <strong>&#8220;Silicon Shield&#8221;<\/strong>. They know the US must defend them, because without Taiwan, the American economy and military will buckle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Are there other chip manufacturers? (The gray zone)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Yes, the world does not end with Nvidia and TSMC, but those &#8220;others&#8221; make a different league of hardware.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Manufacturers of &#8220;boring&#8221; chips:<\/strong> Companies like <strong>Texas Instruments (USA), NXP (Netherlands), Infineon (Germany), Renesas (Japan)<\/strong>.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They don&#8217;t make superbrains for AI. They make chips to control wipers in an Audi, for washing machines, for electricity meters, for military hardware (missile guidance).<\/li>\n<li>They are key for industry, but do not power the AI revolution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>GlobalFoundries (USA\/UAE) and UMC (Taiwan):<\/strong> They make older, proven technologies. Good for a mid-range smartphone, but too weak to train ChatGPT.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. &#8220;Chipless&#8221; alternatives? (Science fiction or reality?)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>You ask about something called <strong>unconventional computing<\/strong>. Silicon (traditional chips) is hitting the wall of physics \u2013 you can no longer pack transistors tighter because electrons start to &#8220;jump&#8221; where they shouldn&#8217;t (tunneling effect).<\/p>\n<p>Here is what science has in store instead:<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A. Photonics (Light computers)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Instead of current (electrons), we use light (photons).<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Advantage:<\/strong> Light does not generate heat (no cooling problem!) and moves faster.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Who does it:<\/strong> Startups like <strong>Lightmatter<\/strong> or <strong>Ayer Labs<\/strong>. Already they are creating systems that connect traditional chips with fiber optics inside the computer to speed up data transfer. This is the most realistic alternative for &#8220;now&#8221;.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>B. Biological Computers (Organoids)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>This sounds terrifying, but it is happening. The company <strong>FinalSpark<\/strong> has made a &#8220;neuroplatform&#8221; available.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>What it is:<\/strong> Lab-grown human brain tissue (mini-brains) connected to electrodes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Advantage:<\/strong> The brain consumes a million times less energy than a silicon chip when solving certain problems.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Status:<\/strong> Very early phase. They &#8220;live&#8221; briefly and are not stable, but they can learn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>C. Analog Computers<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>A return to the past in a new edition. Instead of counting binary (digitally), they exploit physical properties of materials for calculations (like a slide rule, but on steroids).<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Advantage:<\/strong> Ideal for AI, which does not have to be 100% precise, but must be fast and energy efficient.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Company:<\/strong> <strong>Mythic<\/strong> \u2013 they make analog chips for AI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>We are hostages of silicon. For now, **there is no industrial alternative to chips** that could replace what you have in your phone or laptop.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>If TSMC and Nvidia vanished tomorrow:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Photonics and biocomputers are not ready to take over.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Boring&#8221; manufacturers (Texas Instruments) cannot produce processors of such power.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>That is why the US and China are in a cold war. Whoever controls the production of advanced silicon controls the future.<\/p>\n<p><strong>WHO DESIGNED THIS MACHINE FROM THE NETHERLANDS? CAN NO ONE COPY IT?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This is not the work of a single &#8220;Leonardo da Vinci.&#8221; These machines are so complex that no single human is able to understand the operation of each of their elements.<\/p>\n<p>The EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) machine from ASML is the <strong>most complex serial device in human history<\/strong>. It was designed by a global &#8220;army&#8221; of engineers, but if you look for specific names and companies behind it, it is the <strong>holy trinity<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. The &#8220;Godfather&#8221;: Martin van den Brink<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>If we must point to one man who was the brain of the operation, it is this Dutchman.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>He was the long-time Chief Technology Officer (CTO) of ASML.<\/li>\n<li>It was he who for 30 years stubbornly believed that EUV light could be tamed, even when competition (Nikon, Canon) and scientists said it was physically impossible.<\/li>\n<li>He did not draw every screw, but he <strong>forced<\/strong> the creation of this technology, risking the company&#8217;s bankruptcy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. The &#8220;Eyes&#8221;: Carl Zeiss (Germany)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This is the key to the puzzle of why no one else can make these machines. ASML designs the general structure, but the optical heart comes from Germany.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The company <strong>Zeiss SMT<\/strong> (from the small town of Oberkochen) makes mirrors for these machines.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Why is this space-age?<\/strong> EUV light is so nasty that it is absorbed by everything \u2013 even air and glass. Therefore, there are no lenses in the machine, only mirrors.<\/li>\n<li>Zeiss&#8217;s mirrors are the <strong>smoothest objects in the universe<\/strong>. If you scaled such a mirror to the size of Germany, the largest bump on it would be smaller than a millimeter. Only Zeiss can produce this. Nobody else.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. The &#8220;Hammer&#8221;: Cymer (USA) and TRUMPF (Germany)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>To generate EUV light, turning on a light bulb is not enough. You need an &#8220;explosion&#8221;.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The light generation system was developed by <strong>Cymer<\/strong> from San Diego (which ASML acquired).<\/li>\n<li><strong>How it works:<\/strong> In the machine, a drop of tin falls. A German laser (from <strong>TRUMPF<\/strong>) fires at this drop <strong>50,000 times per second<\/strong>. The drop turns into a plasma with a temperature 40 times higher than the surface of the Sun and emits EUV light.<\/li>\n<li>Designing a system that hits a falling microdrop with a laser with perfect precision for months without interruption took decades.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why can no one copy this? (The &#8220;Open Innovation&#8221; model)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This is the most interesting part. ASML does not act like a typical company that does everything itself in a secret bunker. They act like an <strong>architect<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The machine consists of <strong>100,000 parts<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>ASML has <strong>5,000 suppliers<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>ASML says to the VDL company (Netherlands): &#8220;Make us a robot that feeds a silicon wafer with acceleration like a rocket, but stops with atomic precision.&#8221; And VDL designs it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>China has a problem not with copying ASML&#8217;s plans, but with copying the entire supply chain.<\/strong> Even if they steal the machine&#8217;s plans, they still need to:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Learn to polish mirrors like Zeiss (Germany).<\/li>\n<li>Build lasers like Trumpf (Germany).<\/li>\n<li>Create chemistry like Japanese companies.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The machine was designed by a <strong>coalition of the Western world<\/strong> led by the Dutch ASML. It is the &#8220;Child of NATO&#8221; in the tech world. The US gave basic research and light sources, Germany gave optics and lasers, and the Dutch put it all together into a functioning whole.<\/p>\n<p>Martin van den Brink is a figure who can be described as <strong>&#8220;the Steve Jobs you&#8217;ve never heard of.&#8221;<\/strong> While Jobs sold dreams and design, van den Brink sold hard physics and impossible engineering. Without him, Jobs would have had nothing to put in the iPhone.<\/p>\n<p>He retired in April 2024, ending an era in which he turned a small, ridiculed workshop in the Netherlands into Europe&#8217;s most valuable tech company.<\/p>\n<p>Here is the story of the man who forced light to do what it did not want to do.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. An engineer in a wrinkled shirt<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Martin was not your typical MBA CEO who only looks at Excel columns.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Manner:<\/strong> He was known for his explosive temper, directness, and&#8230; lack of concern for dress. Legend has it that he came to meetings with key clients (Intel, Samsung) in a wrinkled shirt, with a backpack, looking like a physics professor, not a billionaire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Obsession:<\/strong> He was interested in only one thing: <strong>Moore&#8217;s Law<\/strong>. He considered it his sacred duty to make chips smaller and faster. When engineers told him &#8220;boss, it&#8217;s impossible, the laws of physics don&#8217;t allow it,&#8221; he replied: &#8220;Then find some other physics.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. The Beginnings: A leaking workshop<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>When van den Brink joined ASML in 1984, the company was Philips and ASM International&#8217;s &#8220;bastard.&#8221; Nobody believed in it.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They worked in barracks near Eindhoven, where the roof reportedly leaked onto desks.<\/li>\n<li>At that time, the Japanese ruled the market: <strong>Nikon and Canon<\/strong>. They were giants, making the best optics. ASML was like a garage startup next to them.<\/li>\n<li>Martin was quickly promoted because he was one of the few who understood how to combine software, mechanics, and optics into a single system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. How did he beat Japan? (System architect)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Van den Brink understood something Nikon did not. Nikon wanted to do everything itself: its own glass, its own lasers, its own screws. They were proud and hermetic.<\/p>\n<p>Martin stated: &#8220;We are too poor to do everything ourselves.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>He invented the modular model:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>He found the best mirror specialists in Germany (Zeiss).<\/li>\n<li>The best in robotics in the US.<\/li>\n<li>The best in lasers.<\/li>\n<li>He told them: &#8220;You make the blocks, we assemble them.&#8221; Because of this, ASML had access to the best technology in the world, while Nikon stewed in its own juice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. The Great Hazard: EUV (The Impossible Machine)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This was the moment when van den Brink put the company&#8217;s existence on the line.<\/p>\n<p>In the early 2000s, it became clear that traditional exposure was hitting a wall. Light with an extremely short wavelength (EUV) was needed.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The problem:<\/strong> All experts said that building such a machine was unprofitable and impossible. Canon and Nikon abandoned research, considering it a dead end.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Martin&#8217;s persistence:<\/strong> Van den Brink pumped billions of dollars (often clients&#8217; money, as he forced Intel and Samsung to invest in ASML) into this project for <strong>20 years<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>He had moments where the machine worked for an hour and then broke down for a week. Investors wanted to fire him. He stood his ground.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. &#8220;Physics does not negotiate&#8221;<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>His management style was legendary. He hated corporate doublespeak.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>When a manager came and showed him slides with marketing plans, Martin would interrupt and ask about technical details of mirror cooling. If the manager didn&#8217;t know \u2013 they were kicked out of the meeting.<\/li>\n<li>He was the &#8220;chief firefighter&#8221;. When a machine at a client&#8217;s site in Taiwan stopped, he would get on a plane, fly there, and chew out his engineers until they found a solution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Summary: Legacy<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Martin van den Brink left ASML as the man who won the tech war.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>He left the company as a <strong>monopolist<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Thanks to his persistence with EUV, we have smartphones with AI and supercomputers today. If he had listened to the accountants in 2010 and abandoned the EUV project, technological progress would have stopped at the level of the iPhone 6.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>He made the small town of Veldhoven in the Netherlands geopolitically more important today than many European capitals.<\/p>\n<p><strong>If Martin van den Brink was the &#8220;Godfather,&#8221; we are now entering an era where his &#8220;children&#8221; must prove they can fly even higher.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>After Martin&#8217;s departure (and long-time CEO Peter Wennink&#8217;s), Christophe Fouquet \u2013 a Frenchman, physicist by training \u2013 took the reins at ASML. He is not a typical corporate suit; he has been at ASML for 15 years and supervised the EUV program. But what he has on his plate now is an engineering horror and a business hazard rolled into one.<\/p>\n<p><strong>This is High-NA EUV \u2013 the machine that is supposed to save Moore&#8217;s Law from death.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. A monster named EXE:5000 (and 5200)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Previous EUV machines (those Martin wrestled with) were the size of a bus. The new High-NA EUV machine is the size of a double-decker bus and weighs as much as two Airbus A320s.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Price: One unit costs about 350-380 million euros (over 1.5 billion PLN). For one machine!<\/li>\n<li>Logistics: It is so large that it must be disassembled into parts to even fit into a transport plane. Intel or TSMC factories must rebuild roofs and reinforce floors to even put it inside.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. What is this &#8220;High-NA&#8221; about? (For humanists)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Imagine painting a picture through a stencil (this is the lithography process).<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Old machines (DUV) were like spray painting from a distance \u2013 edges were blurry.<\/li>\n<li>Current EUV (Low-NA) is like painting with a fine-tip pen.<\/li>\n<li>High-NA is like painting with a needle under a microscope.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8220;NA&#8221; is Numerical Aperture. Simply put, it is about the angle at which light hits the silicon wafer.<\/p>\n<p>In the new machines, the mirrors were enlarged and the angle of incidence was changed (from 0.33 to 0.55). This allows drawing lines 8 nanometers thick and smaller. This allows descending with the production process below 2nm, towards 1.4nm and 1nm (the so-called angstrom era).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Why is this &#8220;impossible&#8221;?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The jump from current machines to High-NA is not a simple facelift. It is a change in the laws of physics inside the machine.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anamorphic mirrors: To obtain this new angle of light, Zeiss&#8217;s mirrors had to become &#8220;curved&#8221; in a specific way (anamorphic). The image they project is flattened (like in old cinema movies on tape). The machine must &#8220;unflatten&#8221; this image on the fly.<\/li>\n<li>Killer speed: Because the image is flattened, the silicon wafer must move under the laser much faster in one axis to expose the whole thing.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The table with the wafer inside the machine accelerates with a G-force of 32G.<\/li>\n<li>For comparison: an F1 driver during braking feels 5-6G. A space rocket during launch is 3-4G.<\/li>\n<li>This table, weighing quite a bit, must accelerate to bullet speed and stop with <em>atomic<\/em> precision. If it shakes even by a millimeter&#8230; 350 million euros thrown down the drain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Who is crazy enough to buy this?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Here begins the most interesting business war of the current decade.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>INTEL (The Gambler)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Intel was once the king, but fell asleep during the mobile revolution and let itself be overtaken by TSMC. Now Intel is putting everything on one card.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Intel bought the first unit of High-NA EUV to roll off the line.<\/li>\n<li>They installed it in Oregon (USA) and are already testing it.<\/li>\n<li>Plan: They want to leapfrog TSMC by using this machine to produce chips in the &#8220;Intel 14A&#8221; (1.4 nm) process around 2026\/2027. If the machine works, Intel will return to the throne. If there are problems with it \u2013 Intel may go bankrupt or be split up.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>TSMC (The Cold Player)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>The Taiwanese approach this coolly.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They say: &#8220;This machine is too expensive.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>They claim their current technology (regular EUV) will suffice for another few years (to produce A16 chips for Apple).<\/li>\n<li>TSMC will buy High-NA, but only when ASML polishes the technology and the price drops (or efficiency increases). For now, they let Intel be the guinea pig.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. What after High-NA?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Is there anything further? Physicists from ASML talk about Hyper-NA (NA higher than 0.75), but that is a song of the distant future (years 2030+).<\/p>\n<p>At this point, High-NA is the &#8220;End Game&#8221; for silicon. If this machine does not allow us to go lower, then probably nothing will, and silicon will have to be abandoned in favor of completely new materials (graphene, molybdenum, etc.) that we mentioned earlier.<\/p>\n<p>**In summary:**<\/p>\n<p>ASML is currently building a machine that defies common sense, costs as much as a skyscraper, and is supposed to save Intel&#8217;s honor. This is the moment in the movie where engineers hold their breath.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Samsung is the most fascinating and tragic player in this puzzle. The Korean giant is currently in a state that business media describes as <strong>&#8220;Crisis Mode.&#8221;<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Here is why Samsung, despite being a powerhouse, now has a &#8220;knife to its throat&#8221; on two fronts simultaneously: the fight for memory (for Nvidia) and the fight for chip production (against TSMC).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Who is Samsung in this world? (IDM)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Unlike Nvidia (which only designs) and TSMC (which only produces), Samsung is an <strong>IDM<\/strong> (Integrated Device Manufacturer).<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>They do everything:<\/strong> They design their own chips (Exynos), produce them in their own factories, and are the world king of memory (RAM\/SSD).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Theory:<\/strong> They should be undefeated because they have everything under one roof (One-Stop Shop).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Practice:<\/strong> Because they do everything, they lost focus. As the saying goes: &#8220;jack of all trades&#8230;&#8221;.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Front 1: The HBM Memory War (Painful defeat)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This is Samsung&#8217;s biggest pain in the AI era.<\/p>\n<p>Nvidia&#8217;s chips (H100, Blackwell) do not work without specific memory \u2013 HBM (High Bandwidth Memory). This is the &#8220;fuel&#8221; for AI.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>What happened:<\/strong> Samsung was the king of memory for years, but ignored HBM, considering it a niche.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Who won:<\/strong> Their local rival, <strong>SK Hynix<\/strong>, bet everything on HBM. When the AI revolution exploded, SK Hynix became the main supplier for Nvidia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Current situation:<\/strong> Samsung is desperately trying to catch up with <strong>HBM3E<\/strong> memories. For most of 2024, they had &#8220;certification&#8221; problems at Nvidia (meaning Jensen Huang sent back their goods, saying: &#8220;this is getting hot&#8221; or &#8220;this does not work stably&#8221;). Only at the end of the year did signals begin to appear that they are finally entering the game, but they lost billions and the leader position.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Front 2: The Factory War (GAA and 3 nanometers)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Here Samsung fights TSMC. They want Apple, AMD, and Nvidia to produce chips with them, not in Taiwan.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>GAA (Gate-All-Around) technology:<\/strong> Samsung played va banque. In the 3nm process, they were the first in the world to introduce a new transistor structure (GAAFET), while TSMC stuck to the old one (FinFET).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Risk:<\/strong> Samsung wanted to be an innovator, but the technology turned out to be hellishly difficult in production.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Problem with &#8220;Yield&#8221;:<\/strong> For a long time, it was rumored that only 20-30% of working chips came out of a silicon wafer in Samsung&#8217;s factory (the rest to the trash). This makes production unprofitable for clients. TSMC is more expensive but certain. Therefore, major players (even Google with its Pixels) are running from Samsung to TSMC.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Reaction: Crisis Mode and &#8220;I&#8217;m sorry&#8221;<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The situation is so tense that unprecedented things are happening at Samsung:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>6-day work week:<\/strong> In 2024, Samsung management introduced a mandate for a 6-day work week for executives to &#8220;increase the sense of crisis.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Public apology:<\/strong> In October 2024, the head of the semiconductor division, <strong>Jeon Young-hyun<\/strong>, issued a rare public statement apologizing to shareholders and customers for poor results, promising a complete overhaul of the company culture. He admitted the company had lost its technological edge.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Sources and Verification (Where to look for facts?)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>If you want to delve into the topic and verify this information, here are the keywords and specific reports worth checking in Google:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. On HBM memory issues for Nvidia:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Search:<\/strong> <em>&#8220;Samsung HBM3E Nvidia certification delay heat issues&#8221;<\/em> or <em>&#8220;SK Hynix vs Samsung HBM market share&#8221;<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Source:<\/strong> Reports from <strong>Reuters<\/strong> (they often have the &#8220;exclusive&#8221; on memory testing) and <strong>Bloomberg<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Context:<\/strong> In May 2024, Reuters reported heat issues with Samsung&#8217;s memory in Nvidia tests. Samsung denied it, but certification was delayed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>2. On 3nm production (GAA) issues:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Search:<\/strong> <em>&#8220;Samsung 3nm yield rate problems&#8221;<\/em> or <em>&#8220;Samsung loses customers to TSMC 2024&#8221;<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Source:<\/strong> Korean trade media are best here: <strong>The Elec<\/strong> and <strong>Business Korea<\/strong>. They are very reliable in describing Samsung&#8217;s internal kitchen. Also <strong>TrendForce<\/strong> (an analytics firm) publishes market share data (TSMC has ~62%, Samsung fell to ~11%).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>3. On the apology and crisis mode:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Search:<\/strong> <em>&#8220;Samsung semiconductor head apology letter October 2024&#8221;<\/em> or <em>&#8220;Samsung executives six-day work week&#8221;<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Source:<\/strong> Official Samsung press releases and articles in the <strong>Financial Times<\/strong> or <strong>The Wall Street Journal<\/strong>, which analyzed the apology as a sign of panic in the management board.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Summary of Samsung&#8217;s Situation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Samsung is like a powerful but heavy boxer who took a few hard punches and is wobbling on his feet.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They have the money and factories to return to the game.<\/li>\n<li>But if they do not fix the <strong>yield<\/strong> in their factories and do not catch up with SK Hynix in HBM memories, they may be reduced to the role of a &#8220;second-class&#8221; manufacturer, while Nvidia and TSMC celebrate at the top.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For us \u2013 consumers \u2013 **Samsung&#8217;s return to form is crucial**. If TSMC becomes the sole monopolist, electronics prices will skyrocket. We need a strong Samsung to keep prices in check.<\/p>\n<p>BUSINESS AND POLITICS!!!!<\/p>\n<p>This is a question that enters the intersection of **hard finance** and **power theory**. There are plenty of myths circulating on the internet, but the facts are just as interesting, though they operate on a different principle than in spy movies.<\/p>\n<p>Here is exactly where these two powers sit in the &#8220;Game of Chips&#8221; and why their roles are completely different.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. BlackRock (Owner of everything&#8230; out of necessity)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>BlackRock (along with Vanguard and State Street) is the so-called <strong>&#8220;Big Three.&#8221;<\/strong> They are the largest shareholders in almost every major tech company in the world.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Facts:<\/strong> If you check the ownership structure of <strong>Nvidia, AMD, TSMC, ASML, Microsoft, or Google<\/strong>, BlackRock is always in the top three largest shareholders (typically holding between 5% and 8% of the shares).<\/li>\n<li><strong>How it works:<\/strong> It&#8217;s not a conspiracy, just market mechanics. BlackRock manages pension funds and ETFs (e.g. iShares). When you, your pension fund, or an investor from Norway buy &#8220;tech shares,&#8221; BlackRock <strong>must<\/strong> buy Nvidia shares on your behalf.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Their power:<\/strong> They don&#8217;t call Jensen Huang (Nvidia&#8217;s boss) with an order to &#8220;change the chip architecture.&#8221; Their power is <strong>financial and political<\/strong>.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They vote at general meetings.<\/li>\n<li>They decide on the composition of supervisory boards.<\/li>\n<li>They can pressure companies on ESG issues (ecology, social policy) or profitability. If Nvidia stops making money, BlackRock can force a CEO change.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong> BlackRock is the &#8220;cashier&#8221; holding the money of the whole world. They earn from the growth of the entire industry. The more Nvidia and its competition grow, the richer BlackRock (and its clients) becomes.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. The Rothschild Family (Investment bankers and advisors)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Here we enter the zone where myths mix with reality. Contrary to popular theories, the Rothschilds (specifically the bank <strong>Rothschild &amp; Co<\/strong>) are not the &#8220;main owners&#8221; of Nvidia or TSMC in the sense that BlackRock is. You won&#8217;t find them at the top of shareholder lists.<\/p>\n<p>Their role is different: they are <strong>elite advisors (Dealmakers)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>What do they do?<\/strong> When large tech companies want to buy someone, sell, go public, or merge, they hire the bank Rothschild &amp; Co to value the transaction and execute it.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Specific example in the chip world:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>When <strong>Intel<\/strong> wanted to list its company <strong>Mobileye<\/strong> (those from autonomous driving systems, key rivals of Nvidia in automotive) on the stock exchange, they hired Rothschild &amp; Co, among others.<\/li>\n<li>They operate in Europe. They often advise on transactions related to European tech companies (e.g. those supplying components to ASML).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Their power:<\/strong> This is the power of <strong>information and relationships<\/strong>. They know about mergers and acquisitions before the market does. They earn from commissions on giant transactions, not from dividends from holding shares.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong> The Rothschilds are the &#8220;concierges&#8221; of big business. They do not build factories, they do not own them, but they help arrange the blocks when one company devours another.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Who really rules here?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>If we look at this with a cool eye:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>BlackRock (and Vanguard):<\/strong> They have the &#8220;nuclear button.&#8221; If they suddenly sold all Nvidia shares, the company would collapse. But they won&#8217;t do this, because they would lose their clients&#8217; money. They are hostages of their own size \u2013 they must &#8220;go with the flow.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><strong>The Rothschilds:<\/strong> They are operationally smaller, but strategically important during &#8220;reshuffles&#8221;. They are like judges or divorce and marriage lawyers for corporations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Is this a monopoly?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Yes and no.<\/p>\n<p>It is a system of connected vessels.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nvidia<\/strong> makes the product.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TSMC<\/strong> produces it.<\/li>\n<li><strong>ASML<\/strong> gives the machines.<\/li>\n<li><strong>BlackRock<\/strong> gives the capital (money of retirees and investors).<\/li>\n<li>And governments (US) give permission for all of this to exist.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>**Fun fact:** In this puzzle there is another player rarely mentioned in the &#8220;conspiracy&#8221; context, who is key \u2013 <strong>State Street<\/strong>. This is the third giant next to BlackRock and Vanguard. Together, these three companies own about 20% of all corporate America. If you ask about &#8220;rulers,&#8221; it is this trio (Big Three) that holds the pulse of Nvidia, AMD, and Intel simultaneously.<\/p>\n<p>Poland in this global &#8220;silicon war&#8221; is in a very specific position. We are not an empire that deals the cards (like the US or Taiwan), but we are not just a desert either. We are rather a **key engineering backyard**, and in a few niches \u2013 the world elite.<\/p>\n<p>Here is the brutal truth about the Polish thread in this story, without sugarcoating:<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. We are &#8220;Brains for hire&#8221; (Intel, Samsung, Nvidia)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Poland&#8217;s greatest influence on this market is our people. Polish engineers and programmers are considered among the best in the world (always at the top of rankings like HackerRank). The giants know this and that&#8217;s why they are here:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Intel (Gda\u0144sk):<\/strong> This is not an ordinary office. This is <strong>Intel&#8217;s largest R&amp;D center in Europe<\/strong>. Thousands of Polish engineers in Gda\u0144sk do not assemble computers, but design drivers, data transmission technologies, and graphics card architecture elements. If Intel has something that works well, there is a high chance the code was written in Gda\u0144sk.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Samsung (Warsaw):<\/strong> One of Samsung&#8217;s largest research centers outside Korea. They work on AI algorithms, natural language processing, and phone software.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nvidia (Warsaw):<\/strong> They have a Deep Learning team here. Poles work on making these H100 cards &#8220;understand&#8221; the world.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Problem:<\/strong> This is a brain drain on the spot. The best Polish scientists work for American\/Korean capital. The patent goes to the US\/Korea, while Poland is left with the salary and income tax.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Our people at the top of the AI Pyramid<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Poland has a **gigantic** (disproportionate to the country&#8217;s size) impact on the development of AI itself, but again \u2013 under foreign flags.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>OpenAI (Creators of ChatGPT):<\/strong> Do you know who is key there? <strong>Wojciech Zaremba<\/strong> (co-founder) and <strong>Jakub Pachocki<\/strong> (Chief Scientist). The brain that devises the architecture of GPT-4 and successors is a Pole from the University of Warsaw.<\/li>\n<li><strong>ElevenLabs:<\/strong> The best company in the world for AI voice generation. Founded by Poles (Mateusz Staniszewski, Piotr D\u0105bkowski), though headquartered in London\/New York.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Polish &#8220;Dark Horses&#8221; \u2013 Where do we have our own technology?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>We stand no chance in a raw power fight for general processors (that costs hundreds of billions), but we have &#8220;gems&#8221; in supporting technologies, without which chips do not work or are not made:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Vigo Photonics (O\u017car\u00f3w Mazowiecki):<\/strong> This is world class. They make infrared detectors. Their sensors are on NASA&#8217;s Mars rover. In the world of photonic chips (those on light), they are an important player.<\/li>\n<li><strong>XTPL (Wroc\u0142aw):<\/strong> Remember when I wrote about repairing screens and precision printing? XTPL has ultra-precision printing (nanoprinting) technology. They can &#8220;repair&#8221; a broken trace on a circuit board with a thickness of a fraction of a hair. This is crucial in advanced electronics production to avoid throwing expensive components in the trash.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gallium Nitride (GaN):<\/strong> Poland has a great history of research on this material (Institute of High Pressure Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences). This is a material of the future for chargers and radars (better than silicon). Unfortunately, we fell asleep a bit on commercialization on a mass scale, but we have the knowledge.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. The Intel Factory case near Wroc\u0142aw (Mi\u0119kinia)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This was supposed to be our ticket to the first league. Intel was to build a Semiconductor Integration and Testing Facility.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>What it gives:<\/strong> This is not wafer production (like TSMC), but <strong>packaging<\/strong> (packaging). This is the final, crucial stage \u2013 taking the silicon and closing it in a black housing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Status:<\/strong> <strong>Suspended.<\/strong> Intel fell into giant financial trouble (losing to AI and TSMC) and froze construction for 2 years.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong> This shows our weakness. We are dependent on the condition of a single American corporation. If Intel coughs, Poland gets a cold.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. How can we &#8220;oppose&#8221; or become independent?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>We have no chance in a brute-force fight (we won&#8217;t build a factory for 20 billion dollars). Our chance is **cleverness and specialization**.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The &#8220;Polish Pin&#8221; Strategy:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Instead of fighting Nvidia, we must do what ASML did 30 years ago \u2013 find a niche, difficult element without which the giant cannot live.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Photonics:<\/strong> Poland has great scientists working on lasers and fiber optics. We can become a hub for photonic chip production (faster, energy-efficient). Here the cards are not yet dealt.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dual-Use (Military):<\/strong> We have a war across the border. The Polish defense industry (WB Electronics) makes great drones (FlyEye) and battle management systems (Topaz). We can build our own specialized chips for drones and missiles, becoming independent of China.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IDEAS NCBR and AI Campus:<\/strong> We must keep the people. An initiative was created (recently loud due to staffing turbulence) to create a strong AI research center in Poland that pays scientists market rates so they don&#8217;t flee to Google in Zurich or Silicon Valley. If we mess this up, we will forever become only a &#8220;code assembly line.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Summary: Are we a vassal?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Technologically \u2013 yes. We are connected to a drip feed from the US (soft, patents) and Asia (hardware production).<\/p>\n<p>But our human capital is at the superpower level.<\/p>\n<p>The biggest threat to us?<\/p>\n<p>That we will become a &#8220;Digital Colony.&#8221; We will write great code and design machine parts, but the profits (margin) will flow to the headquarters in Santa Clara, and we will be left with satisfaction and a salary that is high for us, but laughably low for a US corporation.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">This shows an interesting picture of how incredible technology is, but also how dangerous the &#8220;turn off&#8221; button is for this technology.<\/h2>\n<p>You are right, the &#8220;turn off&#8221; button in this industry is not a red button on the president&#8217;s desk, but rather shutting off the flow of chemicals or a software update.<\/p>\n<p>Regarding **BRICS** (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa + new members like UAE, Iran, Egypt), let&#8217;s be **honest**: this is not a technological alliance. This is not an &#8220;anti-NATO&#8221; that will build its own computer. This is a group of countries with conflicting interests, joined by one thing: they want to change the rules of the game because they feel cheated by the West.<\/p>\n<p>In the chip world, BRICS plays the role of the <strong>&#8220;Rulers of the Mendeleev Table.&#8221;<\/strong> They don&#8217;t have production technology (except China), but they sit on raw materials without which Silicon Valley does not exist.<\/p>\n<p>Here is a brutal analysis of BRICS dependencies in this puzzle:<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. China and Russia: A marriage of convenience (with clear dominance)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>On the subject of chips, Russia has ceased to be a superpower and has become a vassal client.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Russia (Mikron and Angstrem):<\/strong> Russian chip factories (like Mikron) technologically stick around 2005-2010 (90nm, 65nm processes). They are unable to produce a processor for a modern drone or smartphone.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The deal:<\/strong> Russia gives raw materials (gas, oil) and geopolitical space, while China gives electronics.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The problem:<\/strong> China does not give Russia its newest toys. They give them what is left over, or what is &#8220;good enough&#8221; for washing machines and simple missiles, but they do not risk US sanctions to save the Russian high-tech sector. Russia has become a &#8220;technological trash bin&#8221; for second-class Chinese hardware.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. BRICS&#8217;s real weapon: The Mendeleev Table (Raw Materials)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This is the moment where the West has a soft underbelly. ASML machines and Nvidia designs are nothing if you have nothing to build them from. And BRICS controls the elements.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Palladium (Russia\/South Africa):<\/strong> Russia and South Africa account for most of the world&#8217;s palladium mining. It is essential for chip production (used in the process of plating contacts) and in catalytic converters. Without Russian palladium, supply chains creak.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Neon (Russia\/Ukraine):<\/strong> This is a paradox of war. For lasers in lithography machines, a noble gas is needed \u2013 neon. Before the war, Ukraine purified neon, which was a byproduct of Russian steel mills. The war wrecked this chain, forcing the West to look for neon in China (dependency grows).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gallium and Germanium (China):<\/strong> In 2023, China introduced export restrictions on these two metals. They are key for military chips, radars, and fast chargers. This was a warning sign: &#8220;We can cut this off.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Niobium (Brazil):<\/strong> Brazil has a monopoly on niobium (about 90% of resources). It is crucial in superconductors and superalloys.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong> BRICS cannot build a faster computer, but it can make the construction of an American computer 5 times more expensive and take 2 years longer.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. India: The Trojan Horse in BRICS (Playing on two fronts)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This is the most interesting player, who blows BRICS apart from the inside regarding technology.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Facts:<\/strong> India is in BRICS, but they hate China (they have border conflicts and fight for dominance in Asia).<\/li>\n<li><strong>India&#8217;s Strategy:<\/strong> India says to the US: &#8220;Do you want to escape production from China? Come to us!&#8221;.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Effect:<\/strong> Apple is moving iPhone production to India. Micron is building a chip factory there. India wants to take China&#8217;s place as the &#8220;factory of the world&#8221; for the West.<\/li>\n<li>That is why there will never be a coherent technological strategy in BRICS \u2013 India will not agree to anything that strengthens China. India plays &#8220;Friendshoring&#8221; with the US.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. UAE (Emirates): A bottomless wallet<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A new member of BRICS. The United Arab Emirates does what it does best \u2013 buys influence.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They built the company <strong>G42<\/strong> (an AI giant).<\/li>\n<li>Initially, they cooperated with China, but the US stamped its foot. Microsoft invested 1.5 billion dollars in G42 on the condition that the Emirates throw out Chinese hardware (Huawei) from their server rooms.<\/li>\n<li>The UAE chose US technology, while being in BRICS. This shows that the &#8220;alliance&#8221; is a fiction when access to the Nvidia H100 is at stake.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. The &#8220;Legacy Chips&#8221; Trap (Old but gold)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This is a topic rarely raised, but crucial. While the US and Nvidia fight over AI (3nm), China (the BRICS leader) is mass-producing **legacy chips** (28nm and older).<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Why?<\/strong> These are chips for cars, refrigerators, industrial controllers, and military hardware.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Threat:<\/strong> China can flood the market with cheap, older chips, bankrupting Western manufacturers of this type (like GlobalFoundries or European STMicro).<\/li>\n<li>If the West loses the ability to produce &#8220;ordinary&#8221; chips, we will have super AI, but we won&#8217;t have anything to control the engine in an Opel or Toyota without China&#8217;s consent. This is BRICS&#8217;s real market dominance strategy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Summary: Is BRICS a threat to Nvidia?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Technologically \u2013 <strong>no<\/strong>. They stand no chance in the next decade of creating competition for Nvidia or TSMC.<\/p>\n<p>The threat is raw material blackmail.<\/p>\n<p>A scenario in which China blocks gallium exports and Russia blocks palladium is a logistical nightmare for Intel and Nvidia. But this is a double-edged sword \u2013 if they do this, the West will stop buying anything else, and BRICS economies (except India) need dollars like oxygen.<\/p>\n<p>This is not &#8220;Cold War 2.0.&#8221; It is rather &#8220;Cold Trade,&#8221; where everyone holds a gun to their partner&#8217;s head, but everyone sits at the same table because they must.<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">THE SUCCESSOR \u2013 B200 BLACKWELL<\/h1>\n<p>In the AI world, time flows differently. The H100 (Hopper architecture) premiered in 2022. In this industry, that is almost an eternity. Currently, the H100 is the &#8220;workhorse,&#8221; but at the top of the food chain are newer beasts \u2013 both from Nvidia itself and from the competition.<\/p>\n<p>Here is what is more powerful than the H100:<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Successor to the throne: Nvidia B200 &#8220;Blackwell&#8221;<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This is the system everyone is waiting for now and for which governments are ready to kill. Jensen Huang showed it in March 2024.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>What it is:<\/strong> It is actually two chips glued into one (thanks to chiplet technology) that the system sees as a single processor.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Why is it better than the H100?<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Power:<\/strong> Nvidia declares that in some AI tasks (especially in <em>inference<\/em>, i.e., model operation rather than training) it is up to <strong>30 times faster<\/strong> than the H100.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Memory:<\/strong> It has 192 GB of super-fast HBM3e memory (H100 has &#8220;only&#8221; 80 GB).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Energy cost:<\/strong> It consumes 25 times less energy when performing the same tasks as the H100.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Availability:<\/strong> It is just entering mass production and reaching the biggest players (Google, Meta, Microsoft).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. &#8220;Facelift&#8221; of the King: Nvidia H200<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Before Blackwell (B200) becomes widely available, Nvidia released the H200.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>What it is:<\/strong> It is a &#8220;tuned&#8221; H100. The architecture is the same, but the memory was changed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Main difference:<\/strong> The H100 has 80GB of memory, the H200 has <strong>141GB<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Why it matters:<\/strong> AI models (like GPT-4) are gigantic. If you have more memory on one card, you don&#8217;t have to connect two cards to fit the model. This drastically speeds up the model&#8217;s operation (GPT responds faster). This is currently the most powerful system *actually available* in wider sales.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. The Red Beast: AMD Instinct MI300X<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This is the system I mentioned earlier \u2013 the only real competitor to the H100 from outside the Nvidia stable.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>How is it better?<\/strong> In &#8220;raw numbers.&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Memory:<\/strong> It has <strong>192 GB<\/strong> of memory (H100 has 80 GB).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bandwidth:<\/strong> Data flows faster in it (5.3 TB\/s vs 3.3 TB\/s in H100).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Verdict:<\/strong> If you have your own developer team that can handle the software (ROCm instead of CUDA), this chip <strong>eats the H100 for breakfast<\/strong> in many tasks in terms of price-to-performance ratio. Microsoft and Meta are buying it in mass as an alternative.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. The &#8220;Oddity&#8221;: Cerebras WSE-3<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>This is a category of its own. The H100 is the size of a palm. The Cerebras WSE-3 is the size of a <strong>pizza<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Concept:<\/strong> Instead of cutting small chips from a silicon wafer, they take the <strong>whole wafer<\/strong> and make one giant processor out of it.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Power:<\/strong> It has <strong>4 trillion transistors<\/strong> (H100 has &#8220;only&#8221; 80 billion). It has 900,000 AI cores.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Application:<\/strong> This is not a card you put in a server. It is a complete system for the military, pharmaceutical companies, or for weather simulations. In specific tasks, it beats a cluster made of hundreds of H100s because there are no delays in data transmission between cards \u2013 everything happens on a single piece of silicon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. Google Trillium (TPU v6)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Google does not sell its chips, but it has just announced the 6th generation of its TPU (codenamed Trillium).<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Performance:<\/strong> Google claims it is 4.7x faster than its predecessor (TPU v5e).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Goal:<\/strong> Google created it specifically so that Gemini models run faster and cheaper than on competitors&#8217; H100s. If you use Google Cloud services, in practice you use something that is more efficient in their ecosystem than the H100.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Summary \u2013 What is the &#8220;King&#8221;?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>On paper and in laboratory tests: <strong>Nvidia B200 Blackwell<\/strong>. It is an absolute monster that redefines what is possible.<\/p>\n<p>However, the H100 is still the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; of availability. The B200 is like the latest Ferrari just leaving the factory in a limited number, while the H100 is a Porsche 911 \u2013 also great, expensive, but already visible on the streets.<\/p>\n<p>This article should give you plenty to think about if you worry about any political &#8220;nonsense.&#8221; Technology goes forward. Engineers from Poland are and will be the best, and you, youth, do not miss your chance to be the best.<\/p>\n<p>An appeal to the Polish Government! Create real places of access to technology and invention development! Let CITs become heavily guarded points of technological exchange between business and science!<\/p>\n<p>ZdrawIAm!<br \/>\nMariusz Brandt<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>FAQ &#8211; Sytuacja na rynku chip\u00f3w AI to obecnie Gra o Tron w wersji krzemowej. Nvidia siedzi na \u017celaznym tronie, ale coraz wi\u0119cej rod\u00f3w chce j\u0105 stamt\u0105d zrzuci\u0107. Czyli o technologii, wp\u0142ywach, globalnej polityce i miejscu Polski w rozwoju technologicznym \u015bwiata!<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Jakie s\u0105 najwa\u017cniejsze wnioski z tego artyku\u0142u?<\/strong> Skupienie si\u0119 na potrzebach klienta i adaptacja do zmieniaj\u0105cych si\u0119 technologii to fundament sukcesu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>TL;DR: This article discusses the key aspects of the AI chip market situation, which is currently a silicon version of Game of Thrones. Nvidia sits on the iron throne, but more and more houses want to dethrone it. Meaning: technology, influence, global politics, and Poland&#8217;s place in the world&#8217;s technological development!, emphasizing the importance of&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":60039,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60382","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bez-kategorii","category-1","description-off"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The AI Chip Market Situation Is Currently a Silicon Version of Game of Thrones. Nvidia Sits on the Iron Throne, but More and More Houses Want to Dethrone It. 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